Living Document - Draft Structure

  The first section will need to define and explai n the process of crop raiding. It is important that those addressing HEC have a clear understanding of the  implications of these processes  if  HEC mitigati  o  n is  to be implemented in  a systematic and holistic manner. Absence or  non-use of this information is responsible for the continued application of inappropriate mitigation methods and also for facilitating continued habitat loss and fragmentation that has escalated HEC and  has  significantly undermined elephant conservation in many areas.   Sections two to four deal with HEC mitigation in a holistic manner from addressing the causes to containing HEC to compensation mechanisms.   Section five deals with human deaths and property damage as separate issues. Although this issue ties in with crop damage there are more general approaches to dealing with these issues.   Sections six deals various issues r  elated to management and people. A complicated and very important aspect and it deals with capacity, apathy, resources, etc. A field only marginally addressed and rarely evaluated or addressed in a systematic manner.   S ection  seven  deals with  the  assessment  and monitoring of  HEC  mitigation efforts.   The sections marked in BLUE can be better addressed and in greater detail by other T  ask  F  orce  s  dealing  these specific issues.   There could be eight working groups initially and then as each group finishes its task the members could break up and circulate among the other groups.   Suggested Working Groups –  we can merge and split and  if necessary some of this work (  working  group  s) can be taken up after the workshop <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <li> Causes for HEC </li> <li> C lassification of HEC types </li> <li> Addressing habitat, land use,  interface and  special cases </li> <li> Addressing elephant  population related issues </li> <li> Containing HEC – barriers, deterrents, trenches, etc. </li> <li> Compensation mechanisms </li> <li> Human deaths and property damage </li> <li> M anagement and people related issues </li> <li> Assessment and  monitoring of mitigation  efforts </li> <li> Policy </li></ul> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> There will also be parts that need to discussed/debated before or after the workshop. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This structure incorporates the sub-sections of the World Bank document but has a more systematic structure (built on from the AsERSM document) <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> What exactly goes under these headings and sub-headings (and added/deleted headings/sub-headings) is not given in this document – the points made are only for clarification. Also what gets recommended or what is not recommended will be done at the workshop and in the post workshop period when all participate. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt; text-align:center">  OUTLINE Document  <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Why   do   Elephants raid crops and what are the   factOrs th   at need to be considered   for hec mitigation  ''' ? ''' </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Far from being academic it is the failure to use this information that is resulting in managers not addressing the root causes for HEC. They remain focused purely on  addressing  t  he symptoms created by the root  cause  s. Unfortunately th e  failure to understand and use this information also ensures that the process  es  that cause HEC  persist ,  forcing us  to  deal with constantly escalating HEC situation  s. This also ensures that the conservation potential of various elephant populations and ranges gets constantly eroded. <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Factors that cause   /contribute to   Human Elephant Conflict (HEC)  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> The first three factors contribute to initiating, escalating or sustaining HEC. The fourth factor, the behavior of elephants is strongly and directly inter-linked to the first three. The fourth factor deals with some people related issues we need to be aware of when dealing with  HEC. W e need to understand  ‘  how  ’ these factors operate  if we are  to deal with the problem in a  comprehensive  manner. <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitat related factors  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitat loss   and   degradation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> How these influence HEC and what needs to be done about them to stop further escalation of HEC <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitat fragmentation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> How this influences HEC and what needs to be done to stop further escalation of HEC due to habitat fragmentation <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  elephant   Population related factors  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> How does local over abundance (due to increasing population or reducing habitat) affect HEC and what needs to be done to manage this problem. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Local overabundance due to population   growth  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Local overabundance due to compressions brought about by habitat loss/fragmentation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Crop protection related factors  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Absence of or poor application of crop protection measures  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Where conflict can be managed but is not being managed –  capacity related issue  <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Inadequate or inappropriate crop protection measures  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Where crop raiding has escalated to a point where application of suitable crop protection measures is beyond the capacit y/resources of the local people –  resource related issue  <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Behavioral aspects of elephants  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Links directly to habitat/population related issues – an understanding of how these two link up will allow us to take the actions that result in stopping of new HEC or stopping its escalation or help in minimizing efforts needed to mitigate it. So far we have failed to take these factors into account when assessing and planning HEC mitigation. This has resulted in us addressing the symptoms rather than the causes, while at the same time allowing the causative factors to escalate further. It is time to shift to dealing with HEC in a systematic and holistic manner. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Social organization of elephants and its implications for HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Ranging behavior of elephants and its implications for HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Ecology of elephants and its implications for HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  other   People related   factors  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> A significant cause for failure of HEC mitigation measures has been our inability to incorporate the implications of the various human related factors that need to be taken into account. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li> ''' Why people live in area prone to HEC? ''' </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> What are the processes/  factors that bring and keep people in areas that are prone to HEC. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  L   egal issues  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> HEC mitigation is largely seen as a tool for facilitating elephant conservation with some attention given to alleviate human suffering. However there is scant attention given to the legal implications or legal obligations that the situation imposes on managers. It is possible that we are missing out opportunities that will bring about better conservation and HEC mitigation options because of this lack of information/knowledge of legal implications. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Changing perceptions and tolerance  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> The implications of changing socio-economic aspirations of the people; politicization of HEC – the opportunities and constraints. These have a direct/indirect influence on our response to HEC and its mitigation. <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Types of HEC situations  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> These f our aspects – habitat/population ,  elephant behavior,  interface area and intensity of HEC  all  determine the type of  HEC mitigation  approaches we need to take. The constraints these situations impose and  the mitigation actions needed for each need to be identified. <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitat   and population   based classification  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> What are the implications of habitat /population  size for conflict mitigation and long-term conservation? <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Adequate and reasonably intact habitat   (with low/moderate/high elephant densities)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This area would be an intact habitat patch of varying size (Large = 1000+ km 2  ; medium = 500 – 1000 km  2  and small = 250 – 500 km  2  ). These numbers would need to be discussed and their implications to HEC and its management understood. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Fragmented patches   (with low/moderate/high elephant densities)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> These could be areas where  elephants move between patches of habitat. I ndividual patches may not be greater than 250 km  2  (see above for sizes greater than that)  but  the cumulative  the area  (as elephants use them)  is greater than 250 km  2. Need to identify a minimum size for individual patches and the total area of all patches used by elephants <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitat patch (&lt;250 km   2   i.e. pocketed populations)   (with low/moderate/high elephant densities)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Where elephants are confined to a single patch  or several patches  that  are  less than 250 km  2  and where the  habitat may be inadequate to support the existing or a viable elephant population. <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Elephant behaviour based classification  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This would help decide what type of mitigation action is needed. One or more or all these situations could be prevailing in an area. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Opportunistic crop raiding  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Where crop protection is absent or very poor and any elephant with access to unprotected crops will raid <h5 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Habitual raiders  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> When opportunistic raiders get used to ineffective/ poor or to routine crop protection measures become habitual raiders. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Obligatory crop raiding  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> These elephants have inadequate or no resources in their home ranges and are dependent on raidi  ng for much of their food needs. These are difficult to contain and even if we contain them then we need to fully understand the conservation implications of confining such populations using barriers? And how best to deal with such animals? <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Dispersing populations (herds/bulls)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> There is a need to address this issue in terms of allowing re-colonization of past ranges where possible or in terms of stopping it where it is not practicable. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  interface area based classification  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> What are the implications of various types of interface/boundary areas? <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Hard and clear boundaries  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Diffuse boundaries  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Intensity based classification  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> An important component to HEC is measuring and understanding the severity in  its  various dimensions. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Impact on the quality of life  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  People’s perceptions  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Economic impact  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Physical intensity - Frequencies or area damaged  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing root causes of HEC   (ideally dealt with by the wild elephant and habitat task force – the inputs needed may not be adequately represented in the workshop)  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This would basically be the first part of HEC mitigation – the obj ective of would to resolve HEC i.e.  stopping new HEC, stopping escalation of existing HEC and reversing/reducing  some of the existing HEC. <h2 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing Habitat Loss  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Policy  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Integrated development planning  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Elephant specific   environmental impact assessment (EIA)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Tools to identify alternate/less damaging sites for habitat loss that is inevitable  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Protected areas and Managed   elephant   ranges  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This is a concept that AsESG has been talking of for a very long time and variations of this have been taken up in Sri Lanka  and  India. Basically this recognizes the fact that a significant part of the Asian elephant population and habitat lies outside the PA network and cannot be brought under the PA network for various reasons. The idea is to use and manage (much/most) of those areas outside the PA network in a manner that does not result in their being lost to elephants. Multiple use – elephants and humans. What is missing is the need to define what human activities (exploitation) is compatible with elephant use of these same areas. <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Reversing loss where possible and where critically important  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing Habitat degradation  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Policy and integrated development planning  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Managed   elephant   ranges  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Alternate resources (for fuel wood, cattle grazing and NTFP collections)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing Habitat fragmentation  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Policy and integrated development planning  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Identifying and securing corridor areas  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> As a start a document like the one prepared by Wildlife Trust of India which identifies and maps major corridors  for elephant ranges in  India. <h3 style="color:#0000ff; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Restoring connectivity where possible  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing   Agricultural area – elephant habitat interface related issues  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Changing the interface area  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Poor interface areas make application of HEC mitigation methods very difficult or make applying them more expensive and more prone to failure. Not enough thought has been given to improving the interface area. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Creating hard   /clear   boundaries  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Creating an interface conducive to HEC mitigation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Changing the interface  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> There are opportunities to change the interface so that HEC is minimized locally. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Alternate crops  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Changing   land use (tourism/non-agricultural use   /etc.)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Removing the interface  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> There is limited scope of relocating settlements or agricultural areas but removal of elephants at specific sites remains an option when all else fails. There is a need to address this in greater detail and the issue needs to be comprehensively addressed under the following sub-headings a) capture and maintenance in captivity b) translocations c) culling. As some of aspects would require greater debate and discussion  the option of discussing this before or after the workshop needs to be kept open.  <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Relocation of village/agricultural area  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">   <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Removal of elephants  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">   <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">   <h5 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Translocation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">   <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Criteria for translocation to be addressed by the Wild elephant and habitat Task Force <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Criteria for capture, transportation and handling to be developed by the Veterinary Task Force <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h5 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Bringing into captivity  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Criteria for training and maintenance to be developed by the Captive elephant Task Force <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Criteria for capture, transportation and handling to be developed by the Veterinary Task Force <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h5 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Managed extinction  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Tools and the management implications this can be dealt with by the Veterinary Task Force <h5 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Culling  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Criteria and guidelines for decision making and monitoring will be critical. It is time to deal with this in a mature way. With thousand having already been killed and with hundreds being killed every year illegally it is time this issue is addressed in a serious manner rather than sticking to an age old (and false) notion that this is unacceptable to Asian society. Illegal killing is only ensuring that perception that  illegal activities  are more and more acceptable and also that no one is really going to  do anything about it. This results in more illegal activities and the gradual elimination of elephants – even what can be saved is eventually lost as the government or civil society do not bear the costs or consequence of poor management of habitat or the HEC which results. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="color:#000000; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Special   hec issues or   cases  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> There are situations that bring in their own set of problems and are large enough situations to warrant being addressed separately. These usually result in creation of land use that often facilitates HEC and works towards undermining elephant conservation in some areas. <h3 style="color:#000000; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing shifting cultivation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="color:#000000; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing   issues related to agro-forestry and   plantations  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Rubber, pulp wood, tea, coffee, etc. <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Addressing   Population related issues  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This remains a totally ignored aspect of HEC. While elephant populations at many sites are threatened there are sites or areas where local overabundance is a problem. This needs to be addressed in the document. <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Local overabundance due to population growth   and due to compression  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Defining and assessing overpopulation  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Containing population growth  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Managing compressed populations  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  addressing   Populations with no long-term conservation potential (doomed populations)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This is another issue that gets sidelined because it is difficult to address or simply because no one wants to raise this contentious issue. However it is an issue that needs to be addressed if HEC mitigation is to be done in a scientific and  professional manner. This again is an issue that would need discussions/debate prior to and after the workshop. <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Defining doomed populations  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Managing doomed populations  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Containing HEC  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This would be the second step in HEC mitigation. A fter addressing issues in section one HEC will  persist  along the interface areas (unless physical barriers are used) but at reduced intensity  and this  will  need to be contained  or minimized even further. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> All methods currently  being used they need to be reviewed. The document will  contain the following details of each method <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <li> How the method is applied – clearly defining  the technique </li> <li> List and define  the variations of the basic technique </li> <li> Where and why it is used </li> <li> Is it suitable to any particular type of HEC situation </li> <li> What are the causes for its  failure </li> <li> What are the causes for its  success </li> <li> Potential improvements </li> <li> Potential for use with other mitigation methods </li> <li> Information needs </li> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Guarding and patrolling  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Guarding from a stationary point  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Patrolling  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Driving elephants away from agricultural areas  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> These would be short distance drives and not translocations <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Barriers  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Buffer areas  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Deterrents  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Devices that are applied independent of guarding <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Lights   /fire  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Noise making devices  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Odors (chemical and biological)  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Fences  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Live   or biological   fences  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Wooden/wire fences  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Chili/chemical fences  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Electric fences  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Trenches  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Metal/rail barriers or Walls  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Other   special purpose   barriers   for supporting weak spots when using other methods  </li> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Sharpened wooden stakes/spiked wooden planks or Cattle guard type barriers  </li> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Log/rail/wall  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Compensation  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This would be the third step in the mitigation process and would be applied in addition to the first two steps. The same review and assessment process as in the previous section would be needed to identify the best uses of these methods if they are found to be usable. <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Compensation  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Government/NGO based  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Community based  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Insurance Companies  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Enhancing incomes  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Increasing the resilience of the people to HEC and to offset the costs of HEC <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Alternate sources of income  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Agro-forestry related  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Cultural/handicraft related  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Eco-tourism related  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  NTFP related  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Improving   income from existing sources  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Improved agricultural practices  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Improved marketing  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h4 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Value addition  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <h4 style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">   <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Human deaths and property damage  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> These largely occur when people intrude into elephant habitat or elephants intrude into human use areas. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Minimi   z   ing elephant intrusion into human use areas  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Minimizing human intrusion into elephant habitat  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Increasing awareness   –   do’s and don’t when   living in an elephant inhabited landscape  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Securing property from elephant damage (houses, grains, etc.)  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Management/people related issues  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Lack   of capacity  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Capacity   building    </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> At various government levels, within various departments, villages and conservation organizations <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Awareness  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Public and government <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Lack of cooperation  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> This is  a major constraint  in HEC mitigation and  that needs to be addressed in a very serious manner through awareness and capacity building. <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Within communities  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Between communities and government  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Between NGOs and government  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Lack of resources  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Who actually needs to address HEC and who needs to pay for it? Legal and social issues. <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Apathy/resignation  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> A major factor for the failure of many HEC mitigation efforts, mainly because of poor selection and application of HEC mitigation tools. It also ensures that there is no  monitoring or corrective actions implemented in cases of failure <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Corruption  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Again a major factor for failure of application of a suitable tool or the proper/effective implementation of the tool <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Absence of implementable solutions  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> What do we do? <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h1 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  assessing   HEC   mitigation needs   and   mnitoring of hec   mitigation  </li> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> Developing standard assessment/monitoring protocols would be an important part of this section <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessing   HEC mitigation needs  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Elephant habitat, population and behaviour ralated issues  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Interface related issues  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Type of HEC situation related issues  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessing HEC mitigation methods currently used  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessing   HEC   intensity   and its implication to the afected people  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Conservation implications of HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li> ''' Development of an analytical process that allows identification of all causes and factors that need to be considered when deciding on the best HEC mitigation method(s) suitable to a given site. ''' </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h2 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Evaluating HEC mitigation efforts  </li> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> The focus would be on bringing about adaptive management/implementation of HEC mitigation efforts through monitoring and evaluation management actions <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Evaluation of the process used to identify mitigation methods  </li> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessment of methods used for stopping-reversing HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessment of methods used for containing HEC  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <h3 style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><li>  Assessment of compensatory mechanisms  </li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt"> <p style=" margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt">